Показаны сообщения с ярлыком ratio decidendi. Показать все сообщения
Показаны сообщения с ярлыком ratio decidendi. Показать все сообщения

воскресенье, 15 января 2012 г.

Ratio decidendi в постановлениях судов Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов Vol. 8


Постановления Кассационного Суда Дубаи c 25.10.1997 - 23.09.2000

Суды могут опираться на документы, представленные на английском языке, которые не были переведены на арабский язык, при вынесении судебных решений.

Факсовые сообщения являются общим инструментом для целей Закона ОАЭ о доказательственной базе. Никакой спор не может возникнуть в этом отношении за исключением случаев, когда отрицается, что сообщение было отправлено или подписано автором, или будет доказано, что сообщение является несовместимым с оригиналом.

Купля-продажа судна должна осуществляться посредством официального, заверенного нотариусом договора, иначе такая купля-продажа будет считаться ничтожной и недействительной.

Суды Эмирата Дубаи будут принимать копию факса за действительное доказательство. Суды также не обязаны обращаться к экспертам, если представленное доказательство достаточно, чтобы вынести решение.

Для действительности переуступки прав согласие должника необязательно, он только должен быть оповещен об этом.

Временный запрет начинает действовать с момента, когда потерпевшему становится известно о личности лица, ответственного за убыток.

Суды в Дубаи будут иметь компетенцию по рассмотрению споров, касающихся оплаты по аккредитивам, если часть сделки происходила в Дубаи.

Компании имеют право сообщать о происхождении импортируемых товаров, и они не ответственны за ущерб, причиненный вследствие правомерного использования этого права.

Предоставление банковского обслуживания получателю не является прямым или косвенным причинением ущерба со стороны банка, если банк не будет в состоянии исполнить договорные обязательства перед  другой  стороной.

Принципал имеет право расторгнуть агентское соглашение, если агент не приобрел квоту, обеспеченную в соглашении, независимо от причины.

Принципал имеет право расторгнуть зарегистрированное агентское соглашение, если агент действовал не в соответствии с условиями соглашения. 

(c) al-Tamimi & Company (c) перевод Айбек Ахмедов

Ratio decidendi in decisions of Presidium of Supreme Commercial Court of Russian Federation Vol. 48


The decisions of Presidium of SCC of RF between 11.10 – 20.10. 2011

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 5257/11 от 18.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
1. Terms of use municipal water supply and sanitation services in Russian Federation, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of 12.02.1999 № 167, shall not apply to the supply of any other types of resources other than drinking water.
2. Payments for use of drinking water to subsubscribers could not be made between subsubscriber and subscriber, but in a different manner, prescribed by local authorities, first of all, only if there exist relations for the supply of drinking water between the water supply and sanitation organization and the subscriber and, secondly, when final consumers (subscribers) obtain drinking water from water mains extension organization of water and sewage services according to contract with the subscriber.
3. If supplied drinking water undergoes a change in the central heating units, so that final subscribers receive goods through heat networks, which has properties different from those of drinking water, then client uses potable water for their economic activities.
4. The presence or absence of a tariff, by which end users are required to pay for hot water supplied by subscriber, cannot affect the right of the organization belonging to water supply and sanitation sector to compel the subscriber to pay only the actual amount of drinking water in accordance with paragraph 72 of the Rules of Supply.
5. The relationship between end-users which provide communal services and hot water, and the defendant as resource-supplying organization is subject to paragraph 15 of Regulations on public services to citizens, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of   23.05.2006 № 307.
6. The cost of thermal energy for heating water is one of the components of established tariffs for hot water.

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 5811/11 dated 11.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
By virtue of Article 2 (9) of the Administrative Code of Russian Federation, the court costs shall not be recoverable from the administrative body.

Note: This decision does not indicate that the decisions of commercial courts with similar factual circumstances, which has force of law, adopted on the statutory basis for interpretation, being at variance with the statements contained in interpretation of present decision, may be revised in accordance with Article 311 (3) (5) of the Arbitrazh Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, unless there are other obstacles.

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 6478/11 dated 18.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
1. Arbitration clause, as agreed in contract, which refers the dispute to the arbitral tribunal, extends its effect also on the actual relationship existing between parties whi
1. Commercial courts are not entitled to assess the decision of the arbitral tribunal on the law applicable to agency contract, its form, modification of its content and its validity.

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 6386/11 dated 18.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
1. The master of vessel needs no special authority to make contract for carriage of goods by sea.
2. Laying additional burden on the shipper for the treatment of similar claims for damages caused by the loss of cargo during the implementation of maritime transportation according to bill of lading, to the company in a foreign court on its location, in the absence of a dispute about the facts about damages to shipper for loss of goods, is not consistent with the principle of protection of bona fide participants in business turnover.

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 7022/11 dated 18.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
The right to claim, including the right to claim a sum of money from the debtor can be a subject to pledge.

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 7517/11 dated 20.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
1. To distinguish between information and advertising, obligation, established by Federal Act, has significance for the purposes necessary to bring  the relevant information and place its location to consumers, while the manner of execution by placing this information does not have importance.
2. The information about goods, contained in structures at the location of gas stations: petrol brands (assortment of goods), pricing, compliance of the pertol fuel standards, the place of production of fuel - cannot be viewed as pursuing the advertising goals, since they represent the necessary information about products in order to provide their correct choice that meets the requirements of Federal legislation.

Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 10096/11 dated 20.10.2011 and Decision of Presidium of SCC of RF No. 10095/11 dated 20.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
A person is admitted to act without due diligence and caution in selecting contractors
(involving the verification of legal capacity, that is, establishing the legal status, which is due to the emergence of the state registration of legal persons, as well as its holdings of the relevant supporting documents that grant authority to commit legal actions), if upon committing and conducting the transactions he did not verify the legal capacity of another party and did not inquire about their registration of these organizations as an entity, did not request legal documents of legal entity,  on whose behalf the documents were made, nor used the publicly available information about State registration of the another party, located on the official website of the registration authority in accordance with Article 6 of the Federal Law of 08.08.2001 № 129-FZ "On state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs."

Note: This decision does not indicate that the decisions of commercial courts with similar factual circumstances, which has force of law, adopted on the statutory basis for interpretation, being at variance with the statements contained in interpretation of present decision, may be revised in accordance with Article 311 (3) (5) of the Arbitrazh Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, unless there are other obstacles.

(с) Sergey Khalatov, trans. by Aibek Ahmedov

суббота, 14 января 2012 г.

Ratio decidendi in decisions of Presidium of Supreme Commercial Court of Russian Federation Vol. 47


The decisions of Presidium of SCC of RF between 27.09. – 18.10.2011

The antitrust authority shall have the right to conduct unscheduled check of customer's documentation attached to the notice about holding of public auction for the right to a state contract, with the purpose of protection of public interests and implementation of the broadest supervision powers to ensure fair competition in allocation of state orders.
Note: This decision does not indicate that the decisions of commercial courts with similar factual circumstances, which has force of law, adopted on the statutory basis for interpretation, being at variance with the statements contained in interpretation of present decision, may be revised in accordance with Article 311 (3) (5) of the Arbitrazh Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, unless there are other obstacles.

If terms of sale contract are determined by decision of the Commercial Court, upheld by the decision of the appellate court, then sale contract is deemed to be concluded after the entry of court decision into force.

1. Providing indemnity by insolvent debtor after filing an application for recognition of his bankruptcy is not an operation aimed at maintenance of normal business activities. The usual practice of credit institutions (for improper performance of obligations secured by the mortgage) is a foreclosure on the mortgaged property, but not the purchase of the property by the pledgee.
2.The privilege of the bank - mortgage lender - may be expressed in the fact that its claim against the debtor was terminated outside of a bankruptcy case by obtaining, as a special performance, of real estate of the debtor as compensation, with the transfer of property made ​​in circumvention of the law on procedure for sale of mortgaged property at the auction and in violation of the rules on reserving a portion of the proceeds from the sale of the property, if company has secondary creditors.

Presentation of liquidation balance sheet, which does not reflect the actual state of the liquidated legal person and its accounts payable, should be amounted to a failure to present the  document containing the necessary information to registering body, which constitutes a ground for refusal to register the legal person under Article 23 (1) (a) of the Registration Act of Russian Federation.

Article 210 of the Tax Code, defining the procedure for calculating the tax base, and other provisions of the Tax Code does not establish rule that allows consideration of professional tax deductions exclusively within the income derived from entrepreneurial activities.

The obligation to provide a bank guarantee may be provided by forfeit (Article 329 (1) and Article 330 (1) Civil Code), since civil legislation does not contain any exception of this type of obligation, providing with forfeit is not inconsistent with the nature of obligation. 

(c) Sergey Khalatov, trans. by Aibek Ahmedov

Ratio decidendi в постановлениях судов Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов Vol. 6


Менеджеры компании являются персонально ответственными за долги компании, если они не укажут на фирменном бланке, что компания является обществом с ограниченной ответственностью, а также уставный капитал компании.

Документы и отчеты торговца будут считаться решающим доказательством, на которое можно будет опираться при иске против этого торговца или трэйдера.

Арбитры имеют право принять решение о ликвидации компании, если это будет потребовано иностранным партнером компании.

Нотариальное заверение договора судебным нотариусом не делает такой договор публичным, если такой договор не был размещен и опубликован в регистре компаний, поэтому он не будет обязательным для невиновной третьей стороной.

Страховая компания, занимающаяся страхованием жизни должна доказать что страхователь предоставил ложную информацию или не сообщил важные сведения о застрахованном или страхователе.

Агент может потребовать компенсации от принципала, даже если агентство не было зарегистрировано в соответствии с Законом ОАЭ о Коммерческим Агентстве от 1981 г.

Минимальным штрафом за продажу контрафактной продукции в ОАЭ является 5 000 динаров (эта сумма могла измениться в 2011 г.) в соответствии с Законом ОАЭ о Торговой Марке от 1992. Эта продукция также подлежит конфискации.  

Любое мнение и сертификат, выпущенный консультантом, является обязательным для владельца здания, так как консультант считается представителем интересов владельца и выступает от имени последнего. Такое мнение не будет считаться обязательным, если будет доказано, что консультант совершил мошеннические действия или же намеревался обмануть владельца.

Кредитор не может заставить должника полностью оплатить кредит, если последний согласился заплатить его частями, даже если должник обанкротится при оплате этих частей. 

(c) Al-Tamimi & Company, (с) перевод Айбек Ахмедов

понедельник, 9 января 2012 г.

Ratio decidendi in decisions of Presidium of Supreme Commercial Court of Russian Federation Vol. 45

Decisions of Presidium of SCC of RF (20.09.2011 – 11.10.2011)

In determining the duties of employer to submit information about vacancies to government employment agency with reference to norms, established by subject of Russian Federation, it is unreasonable to hold employer liable for not presenting information about absence of vacancies.

Decision of Presidium of SCC  of RF No. 5339/11 dated 04.10.2011 Ratio decidendi:
If supplier revoked his notification to buyer about assignment of monetary claims under factoring contract, then buyer must pay for goods before receiving relevant notification from commission agent.

1.   By virtue of Section 2.5 of Land Code enforcing Act, all government agencies, including the institute, which are leaseholders of state-owned real estates, do not have right to assign their rights and obligations under real estate lease agreements to third parties from the moment of official publication of the Act (dated 22.07.2008 No. 141-ФЗ)
2.  If at the moment of applying for registration of agreement on assignment of rights and obligations under real estate lease agreement, parties became aware that one of them cannot assign their rights and obligations to third parties as a result of change in legislation, then submitted agreement cannot be registered, because it is contrary to current legislation.

1. When disputing loan agreement due to lack of money and claiming forge of receipt, presented as a written proof, court can demand the documents, confirming that creditor has financial resources in a amount equal to amount of loan, indicated in agreement, at the moment of its transfer to debtor  (particularly about amount of his profit for a period, preceding formation of contract); information, about these details reflected in tax declaration, submitted in relevant period of sums, equal to sum of loan or exceeding them;  about withdrawal of such sum from his current account (if there is any), and also other (beside receipt) proof about transfer of money to debtor.
2. If court decided on uninvestigated and non-full materials of case with breach of rules of legislation on civil procedure, which led to adopting incorrect judicial decision, then it can serve as a basis for refusal or amendment of this act in accordance to supervision procedure, established in Art. 304 Section 1 (1)  of Commercial Procedure Code.

1. Because rules of Art. 1033 of Civil Code directly state the right of parties to include particular restrictions into franchising agreement, such restrictions cannot be assumed if they were not established in contract and as a result cannot be applied to parties.
2. The actions of holder of exclusive rights, cannot be admitted as unfair competition, if committed by him according to terms of contract  without illegal intention toward acquisition and use of exclusive rights, or actions, which do not conform requirements of integrity, reasonableness and justice.
Rule of Art. 1109 (4) is subject to application only in the case, when transfer of money or other property has been made in a good will and intentionally without any obligations on the part of transferor (gift) or with the purpose of charity. 


(c) Sergey Khalatov, translated by Aibek Ahmedov